View source for VMoC

[[Image:difference-engine.gif|thumb|left|{{wp|Charles Babbage}}'s {{wp|Difference Engine}} at the {{wp|Science Museum, London}}.]]

{{VMoC}}

{{title|''The Virtual Museum of Computing'' ({{wp|VMoC}})}}

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<big><center>
<!-- [[Image:New.gif|(New)]] -->
{{wp|Robin Milner}} (1934–2010), pioneer of automated theorem proving, programming language design, and concurrent systems, died on 20th&nbsp;March&nbsp;2010.
</center></big>

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This {{wp|virtual museum}} includes an eclectic [http://web.archive.org/web/20070926235337/http://vmoc.museophile.org/#galleries  collection] of [http://www.w3.org/  World Wide Web] (WWW) hyperlinks connected with the {{wp|history of computing}} and online computer-based exhibits available both locally and around the world.  It was founded on 1 June 1995, so is an example of an "old" virtual museum itself.

This museum opened on 1<sup>st</sup> June 1995.  The museum receives about 200 visitors each day.  Please contact [[Jonathan Bowen]] if you know of relevant online information not included here.

Older Mirror sites are available in [http://icom.museum/vlmp/computing.html  Sweden] and [http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/vlmp/computing.html  USA] courtesy of [http://icom.museum/  ICOM], and also [http://icom.museum/overview.html#mirrors  elsewhere].

== Selected additions and events ==

* [[wikia:c:formalmethods:Peter Landin|Peter Landin]] (1930-2009), pioneer of functional programming and denotational semantics, died on 3rd&nbsp;June&nbsp;2009.
* [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/UoCCL/misc/obit/wheeler.html  David Wheeler] (1927-2004), inventor of the closed subroutine, died on 13 December 2004.
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20070926235337/http://vmoc.museophile.org/pvs04/ ''Program Verification and Semantics: Further Work''], seminar, [http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/  Science Museum], London, 2 December 2004.
* [http://www.research.ibm.com/resources/news/20030423_edgarpassaway.shtml  Edgar (Ted) Codd] (1923-2003), inventor of the [http://www.databaseanswers.com/history.htm  relational database] model, died on 18 April 2003.
* [http://research.microsoft.com/users/needham/  Roger Needham] (1935-2003) died on 28 February 2003.
* [http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/08/24/1030052995887.html  Allan Bromley], who researched [http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/collections/exhiblets/babbage/babbwork.asp  Charles Babbage]'s drawings of the [http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/collections/exhiblets/babbage/diffeng.asp  Difference Engine] extensively in the London [http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/  Science Museum] archive, died in August 2002. This work led to the building of the [http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/collections/exhiblets/babbage/diffeng2.asp  Difference Engine No. 2], now on display in the [http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/  Science Museum] Computing Gallery in London.
* [http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/  Edsger Wybe Dijkstra] (1930-2002), [http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/obituary.html  died] on 6 August 2002. See [http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/UTCS/notices/dijkstra/ewdobit.html  obituary].
* Both co-inventors of [http://directory.google.com/Top/Computers/Programming/Languages/Simula/  Simula 67], the first object-oriented programming language, died in 2002. <br />[http://www.ifi.uio.no/~olejohan/  Ole-Johan Dahl] (1931-2002) [http://www.ub.uio.no/umn/inf/ojd/  died] on 29 June 2002.<br />[http://www.ifi.uio.no/~kristen/  Kristen Nygaard] (1926-2002) [http://www.ifi.uio.no/in_memoriam_kristen/  died] on 10 August 2002.
* [http://is.lse.ac.uk/leo/  Business Computing: the Second 50 Years], The Guildhall, London, UK, 5-6 November 2001. A conference celebrating the 50th anniversary of [http://is.lse.ac.uk/leo/About_LEO.htm  LEO], the world's first business computer. See [http://is.lse.ac.uk/leo/programme.htm  programme].
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20070926235337/http://vmoc.museophile.org/pvs01/  ''Program Verification and Semantics: The Early Work''], seminar, [http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/  Science Museum], London, 5 June 2001.
* [http://www.computer50.org/mark1/kilburn.html  Tom Kilburn] (1921-2001), Manchester University, UK, died on 17 January 2001.
* [http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/bios/hewlett.html  William Hewlett] (1913-2001), co-founder of [http://www.hp.com/ HP], died on 12 January 2001.
* [http://www.npl.co.uk/npl/about/100years_npl/famous/donald_davies.html  Donald Davies] (1924-2000), packet switching pioneer at [http://www.npl.co.uk/  NPL], died on 28 May 2000. See [http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/davies.shtml  ISOC information].
* [http://www.alanturing.net/conference/ACE/ace2000.html  ACE 2000 CONFERENCE] 50th anniversary of the ACE computer, [http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/  Science Museum], London, 18 May 2000 & [http://www.npl.co.uk/  National Physical Laboratory], UK, 19 May 2000.
* [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/UoCCL/misc/EDSAC99/  EDSAC 99], 50th Anniversary of the EDSAC 1 computer, Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, UK, 15-16 April 1999.
* [http://www.leo-computers.org.uk/1999reu.htm  50th Anniversary] of Joe Lyons' decision to give the go ahead to the building of [http://www.leo-computers.org.uk/  LEO] 1, 15 October 1999.
* [http://www.connected-earth.com/Journeys/Transformingsociety/Inpeaceandwar/Enterthecodebreakers/TommyFlowers/tommyflowers(1905-1998).htm  Tommy Flowers], MBE, codebreaking engineer at Bletchley Park who worked on Colossus, died on 28 October 1998, aged 92. (Born on 22 December 1905.)
* [http://www.isoc.org/postel/  In Memory of Internet Pioneer Jon Postel], died October 1998. <br /> See also [http://www.iana.org/postel/postel-tribute.html  tribute] from [http://www.iana.org/  IANA] and [http://www.domainhandbook.com/postel.html  In Memoriam] from the [http://www.domainhandbook.com/  Domain Name Handbook]<br /> ([http://www.isoc.org/postel/service.shtml Memorial service], 5 November 1998.)
* [http://www.computer50.org/  50th Anniversary of the First Stored-Program Computer], Manchester, UK, 21 June 1998.
* [http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/memorial.html  Memorials to Alan Turing] - a new [http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/  English Heritage] blue plaque memorial as ''Code-breaker and Pioneer of Computer Science'' was unveiled by [http://www.turing.org.uk/  Andrew Hodges] ([http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/ Turing]'s [http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/book.html  biographer]) at [http://www.theetoncollection.com/hotels/colonnade/  his birthplace] in London, UK, on Turing's 86th birthday, 23 June 1998.
* [http://www.inf.fu-berlin.de/~widiger/ICHC/  International Conference on the History of Computing], Paderborn, Germany, 14-16 August 1998.
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20021008020608/www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~hoc/kiev/  Computers in Europe: Past, Present and Future] International Symposium, Kiev, Ukraine, 6-8 October 1998.
* <!-- http://www.siconic.com/vcf/ --> 1st [http://www.vintage.org/  Vintage Computer Festival], Alameda County Fairgrounds, Pleasanton, California, USA, 25-26 October 1997.
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20030206081754/http://www.systers.org/hopper/  Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing], San Jose, California, USA, 19-21 September 1997.

See also other [http://web.archive.org/web/20021016204955/http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~hoc/conferences.html  History of Computing conferences].

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== Local virtual exhibits ==

* [[Pioneers of Computing]] [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]] by the museum's "virtual director", [[Jonathan Bowen]].
* [http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/  The Alan Turing Home Page] [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]] by the museum's first "virtual curator", [http://www.turing.org.uk/  Andrew Hodges], author of [http://www.turing.org.uk/book/  ''Alan Turing: The Enigma''].  See also [http://www.alanturing.net/  AlanTuring.net], the Turing Archive for the History of Computing.
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20070612080251/http://vmoc.museophile.org/babbage/  Charles Babbage (1791-1871)] including the [http://web.archive.org/web/20070926235337/http://vmoc.museophile.org/babbage/#diff-engine  Difference Engine].
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20070612080251/http://vmoc.museophile.org/mandelbrot/  Mandelbrot Exhibition].
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20070612080251/http://vmoc.museophile.org/algebra/  A Brief History of Algebra and Computing].
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20070612080251/http://vmoc.museophile.org/pioneers/atanasoff.html  John V. Atanasoff: Obituary] (June 1995).
* Early [http://web.archive.org/web/20070926235337/http://vmoc.museophile.org/cards/  Microprocessor Instruction Set Cards].
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20070612080251/http://www.jpbowen.com/publications/ndcubes.html  N-dimensional cubes], including program code to generate them.
* Computer graphics [http://web.archive.org/web/20070926235337/http://archive.museophile.org/images/  image archive], including [http://web.archive.org/web/20070926235337/http://archive.museophile.org/images/#Movies  moving images].
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20070612080251/http://archive.museophile.org/3d/  3-D and SIRDS images], including [http://web.archive.org/web/20070926235337/http://archive.museophile.org/3d/#VR  Virtual Reality].
* Computer [http://web.archive.org/web/20070926235337/http://archive.museophile.org/audio/  audio].
* A [http://web.archive.org/web/20070612080251/http://archive.museophile.org/selection/  selection of organizations] with WWW servers, including many major computing, electronics and telecoms corporations.
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20070612080251/http://www.jpbowen.com/publications/thes-leo.html  Lionising Leo]<nowiki>: Review of </nowiki>''The World's First Business Computer: User-Driven Innovation'', D.T. Caminer (ed.), [http://www.mcgraw-hill.com/  McGraw-Hill], 1996.

Items marked ''[[Image:star11t.gif|`Recommended']]'' are especially recommended.

If you would like to volunteer to be a virtual curator on some aspect of the history of computing, please [[User:Jpbowen|get in touch]], preferably with a {{wp|URL}} for the "gallery" or online exhibit which you would like included.

The museum has no online shop as yet, but feel free to try some [http://web.archive.org/web/20070612080251/http://archive.museophile.org/shopping/  virtual shopping].

You may also be interested in a list of [http://www.blackwell.co.uk/cgi-bin/bb_catsel?09_IR8  books on the history of computing], available for sale from [http://www.blackwell.co.uk/bookshops/  Blackwell's Bookshop], Oxford.

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== Corporate history and overviews ==

* [http://directory.google.com/Top/Computers/Systems/Acorn/  Acorn]<nowiki>: </nowiki>[http://www.mcmordie.co.uk/acornhistory/acornhistory.shtml  A technical history]. An early home computer manufacturer based in Cambridge, UK.
* [http://www.amdahl.com/  Amdahl]: US company founded by IBM System/360 architect Gene Amdahl, now owned by Fujitsu.
* [http://www.apple.com/  Apple]: [http://www.research.apple.com/extras/history/  History], California, USA. Personal computer manufacturer found by Jobs and Wozniak, only real competition to the IBM PC.  See also [http://www.apple-history.com/  apple-history.com].
* [http://www.att.com/  AT&T]: [http://www.research.att.com/history/  Research history]. Telecommunications company where [http://www.research.att.com/history/47trans.html  the transistor] (1947) and [http://www.bell-labs.com/history/unix/  Unix operating system] were invented. See also the [http://www.research.att.com/history/39comp.html  first electrical digital computer] (1939).
* [http://www.compaq.com/  Compaq]: [http://www.compaq.com/inside/news/  News], USA. PCs; [http://www.compaq.com/newsroom/pr/pr260198c.html  second largest computing company] having bought [http://www.digital.com/  Digital] in January 1998.
* [http://www.cdc.com/  Control Data Corporation] (CDC): [http://www.cdc.com/about/  About Control Data], USA. First [http://web.archive.org/web/20070612080251/http://www.jpbowen.com/publications/thes-cray.html  supercomputer] (CDC6600) manufacturer.
* [http://www.corel.com/  Corel]: [http://www.corel.com/news/  News], USA. Software including WordPerfect.
* [http://www.cray.com/  Cray]: [http://www.cray.com/PUBLIC/COMPANY/Overview.html  A Company Overiew], USA. [http://web.archive.org/web/20070612080251/http://www.jpbowen.com/publications/thes-cray.html  Supercomputer] manufacturer. Bought by [http://www.sgi.com/  Silicon Graphics].
* [http://www.dg.com/  Data General]: [http://www.dg.com/about/  Corporate Information], USA. Early minicomputer manufacturer.
* [http://www.digital.com/  Digital]: [http://www.digital.com/timeline/  Computing Timeline], Massachusetts, USA. Early minicomputer manufacturer. See [http://www.digital.com/info/flash/b40/  40th Anniversary] (23 August 1997).
* [http://www.hp.com/  Hewlett-Packard] (HP): [http://www.hp.com/abouthp/history.html  History], California, USA. Includes  the founders [http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/bios/hewlett.htm  Bill Hewlett] and [http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/bios/packard.htm  Dave Packard].
* [http://www.ibm.com/  IBM]: [http://www.ibm.com/history/  Archives] and [http://www.ibm.com/ibm/  About IBM], USA.
* [http://www.icl.co.uk/  ICL]: [http://www.icl.co.uk/facts/fact15.html  History of Ownership and Flotation], UK.
* [http://www.intel.com/  Intel]: [http://www.intel.com/intel/intelis/about.htm  In Brief] and [http://www.intel.com/intel/intelis/museum/  museum], California, USA. The company who introduced the world's [http://www.dg.com/about/html/intel_evolution.html  first microprocessor] in 1971.
* [http://www.jamesmartin.com/  James Martin & Co.]: [http://www.jamesmartin.com/whoweare/history.html  Our Company History]. Methodology and process management, founded in 1981. See also the [http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/people/tony.hoare.html  James Martin Professor of Computing].
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20070612080251/http://www.jpbowen.com/publications/thes-leo.html  J. Lyons & Co.]<nowiki>: First business computer </nowiki> ([http://www.leo-computers.org.uk/ Lyons Electronic Office] - LEO) manufacturer, UK.
* [http://www.logica.com/  Logica]: [http://www.logica.com/aboutl/  About Logica], London, UK. A leading international software house, founded in 1969.
* [http://library.microsoft.com/  Microsoft]: [http://library.microsoft.com/mshist/mshist.htm  History], Seattle, USA. Largest PC software company in the world. See [http://www.microsoft.com/mscorp/museum/home.asp  Microsoft Museum].
* [http://www.rational.com/corpinfo/history.jtmpl  Rational Software]: [http://www.rational.com/corpinfo/history.jtmpl  Company history], USA. Software application development support company, founded in 1981.
* [http://www.next.com/  NeXT]:  California, USA. Founded by Steve Jobs after leaving [http://www.apple.com/  Apple], now reconsumed by [http://enterprise.apple.com/  Apple].
* [http://www.olivetti.com/  Olivetti]: [http://www.olivetti.com/group/history.html  The story], Italy. From typewriters to IT, telecommunications and multimedia.
* [http://www.oracle.com/  Oracle]: [http://www.oracle.com/corporate/  About Oracle], USA. World's largest vendor of information management software.
* [http://www.sgi.com/  Silicon Graphics] (SGI): [http://www.sgi.com/Overview/corp/overview.html  Corporate Overview], California, USA. A workstation manfacturer, concentrating on high-quality graphics, founded in the early 1980s.
* [http://www.sun.com/  Sun]: [http://www.sun.com/corporateoverview/who/history.html  Corporate Information: History], California, USA. A leading workstation manufacturer, founded in 1982.
* [http://www.cc.gatech.edu/services/unisys-folklore/  Unisys: History Newsletter], USA. Information about UNIVAC, Sperry, Burroughs etc.
* [http://www.xilinx.com/  Xilinx]: [http://www.xilinx.com/About_the_company.html  About the Company], USA. Introduced the first Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) in 1985.

More online history from other computer companies not mentioned above would be especially welcome for inclusion.

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== History of computing organizations ==

* [http://www.terrigal.net.au/~acms/  Australian Computer Museum Society Inc] (ACMS).
* [http://www.cbi.umn.edu/  Charles Babbage Institute] (CBI), Center for the History of Information Processing, University of Minnesota, USA. Dedicated to the preservation of the history of information processing. See [http://www.cbi.umn.edu/exhibits/  exhibits] and [http://www.cbi.umn.edu/iterations/  ''Iterations: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Software History''], launched in 2001.
* [http://www.bcs.org/sg/ccs/  Computer Conservation Society], UK. A co-operative venture between the [http://www.bcs.org.uk/  British Computer Society] (BCS) and the [http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/  Science Museum] in London. See [http://www.ourcomputerheritage.org/  ''Our Computer Heritage''], a three-year project. [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]]
* [http://www.chac.org/  Computer History Association of California] (CHAC), USA. Newsletters, archive materials, and other information and files. See [http://www.chac.org/chhistpg.html  History Pages].
* [http://www.cyberstreet.com/hcs/hcs.htm  Historical Computer Society] (HCS), USA. See a planned [http://www.cyberstreet.com/hcs/museum/museum.htm  virtual computer history museum] including [http://www.cyberstreet.com/hcs/museum/chron.htm  a chronology of computer history] from 3000BC and a [http://www.cyberstreet.com/hcs/museum/8080.htm  virtual tour of microcomputer history].
* [http://www.thocp.net/  The History Of Computing Project] Foundation (THOCP), The Netherlands. Founded April 2000. See [http://www.thocp.net/reference/museums.htm  museums you should visit]. [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]]
* [http://www.icfcst.kiev.ua/  International Charity Foundation for History and Development of Computer Science and Technique] (ICFCST), Kiev, Ukraine. See [http://web.archive.org/web/20070926235337/http://vmoc.museophile.org/#EMCST  virtual museum].
* [http://www.leo-computers.org.uk/  LEO Computers Society], UK.
* [http://www.chstm.man.ac.uk/nahc/  National Archive for the History of Computing], University of Manchester, UK. Includes a [http://www.chstm.man.ac.uk/nahc/catalogue.htm  catalogue of manuscripts and further sources].

See also:

* [http://grid.let.rug.nl/ahc/  Association for History and Computing] (AHC) which holds [http://grid.let.rug.nl/ahc/confer/  annual conferences] and published the [http://grid.let.rug.nl/ahc/journal/  History and Computing] journal.
* [http://www.acm.org/acm50th/  ACM 50th Anniversary Celebration] (1947-1997). (See also [http://www.acm.org/acm50th/homepage-txt.html  text only page]). [http://www.acm.org/acm97/  ACM97] - The Next 50 years of Computing. San Jose, California, USA, 1-5 March 1997, including a [http://www.acm.org/acm97/conf/  conference]. Part of the 100 year journey of computing (1947-2047).
* [http://www.icomm.ca/tpug/  Toronto PET Users Group] (TPUG), Canada. The oldest Commodore computer club, founded in 1978. Supports nearly all Commodore computers, including the PET, SuperPET, CBM, Amiga, etc., and the COMAL, CP/M and GEOS environments.
* [http://www.vintage.org/  Vintage Computer Festival], California, USA. An annual event. See [http://www.vintage.org/cgi-bin/links.pl  links]. [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]]

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== General historical information ==

* [http://www.lucent.com/ideas/heritage/transistor/ 50 years of the transistor] (1997).
* [http://www.alanturing.net/ AlanTuring.net], the Turing Archive for the History of Computing. See Alan Turing's [http://www.alanturing.net/archive/infopages/london1st.html Automatic Computing Engine] (ACE).
* [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/mr/BCPL.html BCPL], a programming language designed by [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/mr/ Martin Richards] in 1966.
* [http://www.isoc.org/internet-history/ A Brief History of the Internet] by Barry Leiner, Vinton Cerf ''et al.'' from the [http://www.isoc.org/ Internet Society].
* [http://www.vir.com/Demo/tech/SterlingBrief.html A Brief History of the Internet] by Bruce Sterling.
* [http://www.ja.net/jnt-history.html A Brief History of the Joint Network Team (1979-1994)], developers of the [http://www.ja.net/ JANET] academic network in the UK, by Bob Cooper.
* [http://www.silkroad.com/net-history.html Brief History of Networking] - important dates, including [http://www.silkroad.com/net-history2.html telephones] and [http://www.silkroad.com/net-history2.html digital years].
* [http://www.princeton.edu/~adam/R1/r1rpt.html A Brief History of the Rice Computer] (1959-1971).
* [http://chide.bournemouth.ac.uk/ Centre for the History of Defence Electronics] (CHiDE), Bournemouth University, UK. Includes a planned [http://chide.bournemouth.ac.uk/museum/museum.plan.html virtual museum] on radar, sonar, communications and electronic counter-measures.
* [http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/comphist.htm Chronology of Events in the History of Microcomputers] by Ken Polsson.
* [http://www.best.com/~wilson/faq/chrono.html Chronology of Digital Computing Machines] (to 1952) by Mark Brader.
* [http://www.computerarchive.com/ The Computer Archive] - the Weinreb collection.
* [http://succeed.edtech.vt.edu/Indexes/Computer Engineering.html Computer Engineering] section of the [http://www.nsf.gov/ NSF] [http://succeed.edtech.vt.edu/ SUCCEED Engineering Visual Database], USA. A good set of photographic and other pictorial resources.
* [http://gn.update.uu.se:70/1s/chp Computer History Project], Uppsala University, Sweden.
* [http://www.studyweb.com/computers/history.htm Computer Science: History of Computers] links from [http://www.studyweb.com/ Study Web].
* [http://lecture.eingang.org/ Computers: From the Past to the Present], a lecture presented by Michelle A. Hoyle.
* [http://www.digitalcentury.com/encyclo/update/comp_hd.html Computers: History and Development] from Jones Multimedia Encyclopedia.
* [http://www.mediahistory.com/compute.html Computing] section of the [http://www.mediahistory.com/ Media History Project] Connections Pages.
* [http://csirac.cs.latrobe.edu.au/csirac.htm CSIRAC: The Birth of Computing in Australia in 1949], including a [http://csirac.cs.latrobe.edu.au/chron.htm chronology]. First stored-memory electronic computer in Australia (1949-1964). See also [http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/pubs/guides/csirac/ Guide to the Records of CSIRAC] incluidng a [http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/pubs/guides/csirac/csir_pho.htm photo gallery].
* [http://wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk/?dinosaurs+mating Dinosaurs mating] (humour) and [http://wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/f/ other entries] from the [http://wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk/ Free On-Line Dictionary of Computing] (FOLDOC).
* [http://piglet.cs.umass.edu:4321/~pop/pop_development.html The Early Development of POP] by [http://piglet.cs.umass.edu:4321/~pop/ Prof. Robin Poppleston].
* [http://bond.edu.au/Bond/Schools/IT/Foreign/Tommy/Manchester.html Early Years at Manchester University], UK. Includes information on and photographs of the prototype for the Ferranti Mark I computer, presented and authorized by Tommy Thomas.
* [http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/elab/ The Electronic Labyrinth], a study of hypertext technology, including a [http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/elab/hfl0267.html time line]. [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]]
* [http://www.softaid.net/emulate/eu/eu-18.shtml An Embedded History - Part 2] and [http://www.softaid.net/emulate/eu/eu-25.shtml Part 3] from [http://www.softaid.net/emulate/eu/newsltr.html Embedded Update electronic newsletter] on embedded systems.
* [http://users.tpg.com.au/eedeuce/ English Electric DEUCE Computer] by John Barrett.
* [http://www.pretext.com/mar98/features/story2.htm The First Email Message] sent by Ray Tomlinson (1972).
* [http://www.iinet.net.au/~dgreen/ First Generation Computers], including the Bendix G-15 (1956).
* [http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/events/anniversaries/40th/ Forty Years On: An Anniversary Volume] (1957-1997), Department of Computing, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, edited by Barry Hodgson and [http://web.archive.org/web/20070926235337/http://vmoc.museophile.org/#Randell Brian Randell].
* [http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/computerhistory.html Greatest moments of computer history are speeding up]. Omega Point expected around 2040!
* [http://www.cs.uregina.ca/~bayko/cpu.html Great Microprocessors of the Past and Present] by [http://www.cs.uregina.ca/~bayko/ John Bayko (Tau)]. This guide covers unique and representative designs from the beginning in the early 1970s until now.
* [http://www.pretext.com/mar98/ The Hidden History of the Internet], [http://www.pretext.com/ Pretext Magazine], March 1998.
* [http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/ History of Computing Information] including the ENIAC and [http://ftp.arl.mil/ftp/historic-computers/ Historic Computer Images] collected by [http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/ Mike Muuss].
* [http://www.swan.ac.uk/compsci/AllStaff/JVTmore/Teaching/HistoryOfComputation.html History of Computation] course by Prof. John Tucker, Department of Computer Science, University of Wales Swansea.
* [http://www2.ncsu.edu/eos/service/bae/www/courses/bae221/jeff/comp_hist.html History of Computers] course material from North Carolina State University, USA. (No hyperlinks.)
* [[Image:New.gif|(New)]] {{wp|History of computing}} and the {{wp|Virtual Museum of Computing}} on {{wp|Wikipedia}}.
* [http://www.computer.org/50/ History of Computing] from the [http://www.ieee.org/ IEEE] [http://www.computer.org/ Computer Society]. See [http://www.computer.org/50/history/ Events in the History of Computing] by year, including many images and photographs, the [http://www.computer.org/pubs/computer/timeline/ Timeline of Computer History] (68 page 1.5 Mbyte [http://www.computer.org/pubs/computer/timeline/timeline.pdf PDF format file]) and [http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~janlee/ J.A.N. Lee]'s [http://www.computer.org/50/looking/ looking.back] column. [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]]
* [http://www.cs.uregina.ca/~hoyle/Lecture/ History of Computing]. A lecture prepared by Michelle Hoyle for an introductory Computer Science class about the history of computing devices, starting from the development of computing and progressing through to the late 1980s. Includes colour slides.
* [http://bang.lanl.gov/video/sunedu/computer/comphist.html The History of Computing at Los Alamos] including the [http://bang.lanl.gov/video/sunedu/computer/z1z4.html Z1 to Z4] computers designed by [http://bang.lanl.gov/video/sunedu/computer/zuse.html Konrad Zuse].
* [http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~hoc/ History of Computing Research Group], [http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/ Department of Computer Science], University of Warwick by [http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/pub/people/staff/mck/ Martin Campbell-Kelly] ''et al''. See also [http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/pub/research/history.html research outline].
* [http://homepages.cs.ncl.ac.uk/brian.randell/History/ History of Computing] list of publications and the original [http://homepages.cs.ncl.ac.uk/brian.randell/NATO/ NATO Software Engineering Conference reports] by [http://homepages.cs.ncl.ac.uk/brian.randell/ Prof. Brian Randell].
* [http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/ The History of Computing], an index of online resources by [http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~janlee/ John A. N. Lee], Editor-in-Chief of the [http://web.archive.org/web/20070926235337/http://vmoc.museophile.org/#IEEE ''IEEE Annals of the History of Computing'']. See [http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/TMTCTW.html The Machine That Changed the World]. [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]]
* [http://irb.cs.tu-berlin.de/~zuse/hc.html History of Computing] [http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/~zuse/history/ links] by [http://www.cs.tu-berlin.de/~zuse/ Horst Zuse], son of the computer pioneer [http://web.archive.org/web/20070926235337/http://vmoc.museophile.org/#Zuse Konrad Zuse].
* [http://www.smileydictionary.com/history.html History of Emoticons] from the [http://www.smileydictionary.com/ Official Smiley Dictionary].
* [http://www.cs.su.oz.au/Handbook/hb.3.history.html History of the Department], Basser Computing Laboratory, University of Sydney, Australia. Includes the SILLIAC computer.
* [http://www.pacsci.org/public/exhibits_online/webmaze/WebHistory.html History of the Internet] from the [http://www.pacsci.org/ Pacific Science Center], USA.
* [http://www.pbs.org/internet/history/ History of the Internet], including an excellent timeline using [http://java.sun.com/ Java], part of [http://www.pbs.org/internet/ Life on the Internet] by [http://www.pbs.org/ PBS], USA.
* [http://www.davesite.com/webstation/net-history.shtml The History of the Internet] by Dave Kristula.
* [http://inventors.about.com/education/sciphys/inventors/library/blcoindex.htm The History of Modern Computers and their Inventors] by Mary Bellis.
* [http://www.par.univie.ac.at/literature/parallel_history.html History of Parallel Computing]. Chronology of major developments in parallel computing and supercomputing.
* [http://republic.perl.com/history.html History] of the [http://www.perl.com/ Perl] programming langugae.
* [http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mader/delta/ The History of Project Delta], high school computing in the 1960's and 70's, Delaware, USA.
* [http://www.isoc.org/guest/zakon/Internet/History/HIT.html Hobbes' Internet Timeline] - important Internet dates and statistics.
* [http://ibm1130.org/ IBM 1130 Computing System]. See [http://ibm1130.org/emu emulator].
* [http://reality.sgi.com/daveb/IBM1620/ IBM 1620 history site].
* [http://www.computer.org/history/ IEEE Computer Society: A History], USA. Publishers of the [http://www.computer.org/annals/ ''IEEE Annals of the History of Computing''] journal. Founded by 1946, the society celebrated its [http://www.computer.org/50/ 50th anniversary] in 1996.
* [http://cmp-rs.music.uiuc.edu/history/illiac.html ILLIAC I], University of Illinois, USA. Includes information on the history of computer music.
* [http://www.bozdoc.f2s.com/history.htm i-MB: The History of Computing], 1937-2000 by period/year. The main events in the history of computing. (More information for recent years.)
* [http://www.archive.org/ The Internet Archive]. [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]] See the [http://web.archive.org/web/20070926235337/http://vmoc.museophile.org/#WWW WWW History Project].
* [http://www.zib.de/zuse/English_Version/ Konrad Zuse Internet Archive]. (Also [http://www.zib.de/zuse/ in German].) [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]]
* [http://www.apollo.co.uk/a/Lexikon/ Lexikon Services Publishing "History of Computing"]. An electronic 850 page encyclopedia on diskette. Includes [http://www.apollo.co.uk/a/Lexikon/who-was-first.html A Brief Chronology of Historical Firsts in Computers] (1939-1981).
* [http://www8.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/html/lisp-enter.html Lisp History].
* [http://www.livinginternet.com/ LivingInternet.com], a comprehensive online reference source about the Internet. [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]]
* [http://www.llnl.gov/vcm/ LLNL Computing: War Stories and Anecdotes] including [http://www.llnl.gov/vcm/picthist.html Picture History of LLNL Computers] from the [http://www.llnl.gov/ Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory], California, USA.
* [http://uu-gna.mit.edu:8001/~napoli/LAMBDA/history.html Logic through History] - Aristotle to Von Neumann.
* [http://www.computer50.org/ 50th Anniversary of the First Stored-Program Computer] (21 June 1998), the [http://www.computer50.org/kgill/mark1/MarkI.html Manchester Mark 1 Computer], including a [http://www.computer50.org/kgill/mark1/mark1pic.html picture gallery]. [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]]
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computing-history/ The Modern History of Computing], Stanford University, USA.
* [http://www.multicians.org/ Multics]. An influential operating system, begun in 1965 and used until 2000. See [http://www.multicians.org/history.html history].
* [http://murl.microsoft.com/ Multi-University/Research Laboratory] talks at the Computer Museum:
** [http://murl.microsoft.com/LectureDetails.asp?268 Dawn of Electronic Computing, 1935-1945], Dr. Gordon Bell (1/1/1996)
** [http://murl.microsoft.com/LectureDetails.asp?269 The First Computers, 1946-1950], Dr. Gordon Bell (1/1/1996)
** [http://murl.microsoft.com/LectureDetails.asp?271 Stretch: The Technological Link Between Yesterday and Tomorrow], Dr. Gordon Bell (1/1/1996)
** [http://murl.microsoft.com/LectureDetails.asp?272 Design and Use of Colossus], Dr. Tom Flowers (10/15/1981)
** [http://murl.microsoft.com/LectureDetails.asp?273 Design and Use of Colossus (Part 2)], Dr. Tom Flowers (10/15/1981)
* [http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/past-women.html Past Notable Women of Computing] including [http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/ada-lovelace.html Ada Byron King, Countess of Lovelace] (1815-1852).
* [http://www.womenincomputing.net/ History of Computing and the Internet] including the History of Women in Computing by Janet Abbate.
* [http://cswww.essex.ac.uk/Pegasus/ Pegasus], a vintage British computer, first produced by Ferranti Ltd in 1956. Information by [http://cswww.essex.ac.uk/staff/lavington.htm Prof. Simon Lavington]. [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]]
* [http://www.pretext.com/mar98/features/story2.htm The Present at the Creation] of the ARPAnet, the precursor of the Internet (1969).
* [http://www.lysator.liu.se:7500/c/index.html#history Programming in C: History].
* [http://www.softlord.com/comp/ A Short History of the Computer] by Jeremy Meyers.
* [http://www.studyweb.com/computers/history.htm StudyWeb: Computer Science: History of Computers] links from [http://www.studyweb.com/ StudyWeb].
* [http://www.ozemail.com.au/~bconlon/ Totalisator History] - an Australian achievement.
* [http://www.pbs.org/nerds/ Triumph of the Nerds], a [http://www.pbs.org/ PBS] series, including a [http://www.pbs.org/nerds/timeline/ history of the computer] timeline.
* [http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/univac/ UNIVAC<sup>®</sup> Memories] - history of UNIVAC 1100 series mainframes.
* [http://www.govtech.net/gtmag/1998/oct/untangling/untangling.shtm Untangling the Web] including a [http://www.govtech.net/gtmag/1998/oct/untangling/history.shtm Timeline of Hypertext] (3000BC-1996AD) by David Aden and John Stanard.
* [http://echo.gmu.edu/usenet/ Usenet history] project from [http://echo.gmu.edu/ ECHO]<nowiki>: Exploring and Collecting History Online. See also </nowiki>[http://www.vrx.net/usenet/history/ some history] and [http://www.google.com/googlegroups/archive_announce_20.html 20 Year Usenet Archive] from [http://group.google.com/ Google Groups].
* [http://www.dotpoint.com/xnumber/vintage.htm Vintage Calculators] from [http://www.dotpoint.com/xnumber/ X-Number World of Calculators].
* [http://www.open.ac.uk/thewebstory/ The Webstory.com]. UK BBC/Open University TV series, 1998.
* [http://www.peak.org/~wren/computer.html Why Computers are Computers], a book by [http://www.peak.org/~wren/author.html David Rutland], including [http://www.peak.org/~wren/excerpts.html excerpts] and some [http://www.peak.org/~wren/FAQ.html answers to FAQs].
* [http://www.webhistory.org/ The World Wide Web History Project] by the [http://www.archive.org/ Internet Archive]. [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]]
* [http://www.amdahl.com/internet/events/unix25.html WWW Hot Topics: Unix] 25th Anniversary in 1994.

----

== Computer-related museums ==

# [http://www.compustory.com/  American Computer Museum], Bozeman, Montana, USA.
# [http://www.computinghistorymuseum.org/  American University Computing History Museum], Washington DC, USA.
# [http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/  Bletchley Park Trust], near Milton Keynes, UK. "Britain's Best Kept Secret." See [http://www.retrobeep.com/  Computer Museum]. See also [http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/  Codes and Ciphers in the Second World War] by Tony Sale and the [http://www.jharper.demon.co.uk/bombe1.htm  British Bombe rebuild project]. [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]]
# [http://www.sentex.net/ccmuseum/  Commercial Computing Museum] (Commputerseum), Ontario, Canada. Dedicated to the acquisition, preservation, and exhibition of artifacts and memorabilia from the commercial use of electronic, digital computers. Includes a list of [http://www.sentex.net/ccmuseum/hist_sites.html  Computer History Web Sites].
# [http://www.computerhistory.org/  The Computer History Museum], Moffett Field, California, USA. [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]]
# [http://www.tcm.org/  The Computer Museum], Boston, Massachusetts, USA.  Started by [http://americanhistory.si.edu/csr/comphist/olsen.html  Ken Olsen], ex-president of [http://www.digitalcentury.com/encyclo/update/dec.html  Digital Equipment Corporation]. Part of the [http://www.mos.org/  Museum of Science] since 1999. See [http://www.computerclubhouse.org/  Computer Clubhouse].
# [http://www.science.uva.nl/museum/  Computer Museum], University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Specializes in scientific and industrial computing. Includes electronic calculators, analog computers, core memory and paper tape.
# [http://www.cs.virginia.edu/brochure/museum.html  Computer Museum], Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
# [http://www.computer-museum.org/  Computer Museum of America], Coleman College, La Mesa, San Diego, California, USA. See [http://www.computer-museum.org/list.html  sample collections] and [http://www.computer-museum.org/slides/slides.html  The Evolution of Computing] slide show.
# [http://www.digibarn.com/  The DigiBarn Computer Museum], California, USA. See [http://www.digibarn.com/collections/systems/xerox-alto/  Xerox Alto] [http://www.digibarn.com/eventsvisiting/alto30/  30th birthday]. [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]]
# [http://www.hnf.de/  Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum], Paderborn, Germany. See [http://www.hnf.de/museum/  computer museum]. (In German.)
# [http://www.intel.com/intel/intelis/museum/  The Intel Museum], Santa Clara, California, USA. Micro-chips, from the company who manufactured the [http://www.intel.com/education/mpuworks/  first microprocessor] in 1971.
# [http://www.microsoft.com/museum/  Microsoft Museum]. (Warning: may crash [http://www.netscape.com/  Netscape] browsers! ;-)
# [http://mo5.com/  Musée d'Histoire Informatique] (Computer History Museum). A virtual museum on personal computers from 1978 onwards, by Philippe Dubois. See also the [http://www.pong-story.com/  Pong story] on the first video game. (In French.)
# [http://www.museu.uevora.pt/  Museu Virtual da Informática], Portugal. A virtual museum including [http://www.museu.uevora.pt/museu.html  a number of computers] such as the [http://www.museu.uevora.pt/eniac1.html  ENIAC]. (Mostly in Portuguese.)
# [http://www.museumcomputer.org/  Museum of Computer Technology], Denver, Colorado, USA.
# [http://www.hpmuseum.org/  Museum of HP Calculators] (MoHPC). [http://www.hpmuseum.org/rpn.htm#learn  Learn] about [http://www.hpmuseum.org/rpn.htm  reverse Polish notation]<nowiki>! </nowiki>[[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]]
# [http://www.museum-of-computing.org.uk/  Museum of Computing], Swindon, UK.
# [http://www.tno.nl/instit/fel/museum/museumen.html  Museum "Waalsdorp"], The Netherlands. See [http://www.tno.nl/instit/fel/museum/computer/compindx_en.html  computer history] of the [http://www.tno.nl/ TNO] Physics and Electronics Laboratory since 1927. Supercomputers, minicomuters, etc., with many photographs. (In Dutch and some English.)
# [http://www.nsa.gov/museum/  National Cryptologic Museum], [http://www.nsa.gov/  National Security Agency], Maryland, USA. See [http://www.nsa.gov/museum/tour.html  tour of exhibits].
# [http://www.difi.unipi.it/museo/calcolat/mnsc.html  National Museum of Computing Instruments], Pisa, Italy. Includes [http://www.difi.unipi.it/museo/calcolat/virtual/virtual.html  QuickTime VR plugin movies]. (In Italian.)
# [http://www.mnit.org.br/home-i.htm  National Museum of Information Technology and Telecommunications], Brasília, Brazil.
# [http://www.hogia.se/pcmuseum/index.html  Personal Computer Museum], Stenungsund, Sweden. In the Guinness Book of Records because of its collection of 250 different personal computers.
# [http://www.osfn.org/ricm/  Rhode Island Computer Museum], USA.
# [http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/  The Science Museum], London, UK. See [http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/collections/themes/computing.html  Computing and Information Technology] collection, the [http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/galleries/computing.html  Computing Then and Now] gallery information [http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/on-line/treasure/objects/babb2.htm  Babbage's Calculating Engines, 1832-71] and the [http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/on-line/treasure/objects/ace2.htm  Pilot ACE 1950].  Alternatively, see the recommended [http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/on-line/treasure/plan/2ndcomp.htm  Computing Then and Now] page from the [http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/on-line/treasure/plan/plan.htm  Treasures of the Science Museum] online exhibit. See also the recently acquired [http://www.nmsi.ac.uk/review/phillips.htm  Phillips Economic Hydraulic Computer], first demonstrated at the [http://www.lse.ac.uk/  London School of Economics] in November 1949.
# [http://www.si.edu/  Smithsonian Institution], Washington, USA. [http://www.si.edu/resource/tours/comphist/computer.htm  Computer History], including an Information Age Tour, the collaborative [http://innovate.si.edu/  Innovation Network], and oral/video history interviews with computing personalities. See also [http://educate.si.edu/scitech/carbons/  From Carbons to Computers] including links to [http://educate.si.edu/scitech/carbons/resources.html  resources]. [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]]
# [http://www.thetech.org/  Tech Museum of Innovation], San Jose, California, USA. Includes a [http://www.thetech.org/exhibits/micro/  microelectronics exhibit].
# [http://www.telemuseum.se/  Telemuseum], Sweden. History of telecommunications.
# [http://www.gateman.com/museum/  The Topeka Computing Museum], Kansas, USA.
# [http://wwwcsif.cs.ucdavis.edu/~csclub/museum/  University of California at Davis Computer Science Museum], USA. Includes a [http://wwwcsif.cs.ucdavis.edu/~csclub/museum/timeline.html  timeline of computer history].
# [http://www.cs.yorku.ca/museum/  York University Computer Museum], Toronto, Canada.

See also:

* [http://dir.yahoo.com/Computers_and_Internet/History/Museums/  Computer museums] listed by [http://www.yahoo.com/  Yahoo].

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== Online exhibits and information ==

The following are virtual museums or exhibitions:

* [http://www.applemuseum.seastar.net/  The Apple Museum].
* [http://www.pronet.no/sverre/poweron/museum.html  The Apple / Macintosh Museum].
* The [http://www.best.com/~hmk/atari.htm  Atari Exhibit].
* [http://www.atarimuseum.com/  Atari History Museum].
* [http://www.mailcom.com/besm6/  BESM-6 Nostalgia Page]. Soviet mainframe computer.
* [http://www.gifford.co.uk/~coredump/uk101.htm  Compukit UK101]. Early UK microcomputer kit.
* [http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/pdp8/  Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-8] index.
* [http://www.digitalmonalisa.com/  Digital Mona Lisa], 1965.
* [http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~museum/  Eniac Virtual Museum], School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, USA. Celebration of the 50th anniversary of ENIAC in 1996. [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]]
* [http://www.icfcst.kiev.ua/museum/museum.html  European Museum on Computer Science and Technology] in Ukraine from [http://web.archive.org/web/20070926235337/http://vmoc.museophile.org/#ICFCST  ICFCST]. See the early [http://www.icfcst.kiev.ua/museum/PHOTOS/BESM.html  BESM], [http://www.icfcst.kiev.ua/museum/PHOTOS/MESM.html  MESM] and [http://www.icfcst.kiev.ua/museum/PHOTOS/SESM.html  SESM] computers. (Also in Ukrainian and Russian.)
* [http://www.fee.co.uk/hall.htm  Fee Computer Services Museum], UK. IBM systems of the 1960s and 1970s (360s and 370s).
* [http://www.expa.hvu.nl/ajvdhek/  First Virtual Mousepad Museum], The Netherlands.
* [http://www.dg.com/about/html/generations.html  Generations: Through the History of Computing]. A virtual tour (1960-1996). Transistors, integrated circuits, [http://www.dg.com/about/html/microprocessors.html  microprocessors], etc.
* [http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/computer_museum/  German Web Computer Museum] by Clemens Weller, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany. Personal computers, printers, software, etc. See [http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/computer_museum/COLL_CW.HTM  computer collections]. (In German and English.)
* [http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/students/technology/gramgate.htm  George Graham and Bill Gates: A Study in Architectural Dominance], a virtual exhibition by Jonathan Sills (MSc student), [http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/  Museum of the History of Science], Oxford, UK.
* [http://www.gondolin.org.uk/hchof/  Home Computer Hall of Fame].
* [http://www.comcen.com.au/~adavie/javaslide/javaslide.html  JavaSlide]<nowiki>: the WWW's very first Java Slide Rule. </nowiki>
* [http://www.webcom.com/calc/  Mechanical Calculating Machines] by Erez Kaplan, who collects such machines. Includes a chronological description, photographs, etc.
* [http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~hl/mmm.html  Mind Machine Web Museum], a virtual computer history gallery by [http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~hl/  Hal Layer]. Computers, calculators, games and artifacts.
* [http://piano.dsi.uminho.pt/museuv/  Museu Virtual de Informática], Portugal. (In Portuguese.)
* [http://www.ncsc.dni.us/fun/user/tcc/cmuseum/cmuseum.htm  Obsolete Computer Museum]. Don't throw away your old computer until you have taken a photograph of it for this online museum.
* [http://www.old-computers.com/  Old-computers.com]. A comprehensive online collection of 926+ old computers. [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]]
* [http://museum.sysun.com/museum/  The Online Software Museum]. See [http://museum.sysun.com/museum/u7conn.html  UNIX Seventh Edition] on a PDP-11/70 with a facility to [telnet://dino.sysun.com:4004/  boot UNIX] online!
* [http://earthspace.net/retro/retromuseum.html  The Retrocomputing Museum] by Eric Raymond and John Cowan. Dedicated to [http://earthspace.net/retro/retromuseum.html#languages  programming languages], [http://earthspace.net/retro/retromuseum.html#emulators  machine emulators], computer games, etc. Includes documentation and example programs.
* [http://www.xs4all.nl/~rvtol/softmus.htm  The Software Museum], Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Early disk software directory listings.
* [http://www.spreadpoint.com/museum.html  Spreadpoint Virtual Museum of Computer Arts] and [http://www.spreadpoint.com/sp/the-demos.html  Spreadpoint Demos Museum]. Commodore Amiga computer demonstrations, etc.
* [http://www.syssrc.com/museum/index.html  The System Source Computer Museum]. Collection of personal computing devices and [http://www.syssrc.com/museum/sims/index.html  simulation programs].
* [http://w3.gwis.com/~polivka/994apg.html  TI-99/4A Home Computer Page].
* [http://www.toggle.com/museum/  Toggle Software Mouse Museum] by Kevin Morton.
* [http://exo.com/~wts/wts10005.HTM  The Virtual Altair Museum].
* [http://www.computer50.org/kgill/  The Virtual Museum of Manchester Computing], University of Manchester, UK. Includes a (photographic) [http://www.computer50.org/kgill/machines/machines.html  machine hall] (featuring the [http://www.computer50.org/kgill/mark1/MarkI.html  Manchester Mark 1]) and an excellent online [http://www.computer50.org/kgill/library/library.html  library] presenting many historic publications (e.g., [http://www.computer50.org/kgill/mark1/natletter.html  ''Electronic Digital Computers''], a letter to [http://www.nature.com/  Nature], September 1948). See also the [http://www.computer50.org/  50th Anniversary of the First Stored-Program Computer]. [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]]
* [http://www.ai.mit.edu/people/ellens/gender.html  Women and Computer Science].

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== Personal collections ==

* [http://www.quiknet.com/~abond/museum.html  Aaron's Virtual Computer Museum] by [http://www.quiknet.com/~abond/  Aaron Bond]. Microcomputer collection, etc., with photographs.
* [http://users.pandora.be/lust/  Belgian Web Microcomputer Museum] by Lucien Stevens, Belgium. (In English and Dutch.) See [http://users.pandora.be/lust/index1.htm  collection] including many external links and also other [http://users.pandora.be/lust/verzamelaars.htm  microcomputer collectors]. [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]]
* [http://www.bolo.ch/  Bolo's Computer Museum], Lausanne, Switzerland. Includes links to [http://www.bolo.ch/links.html  other computer museums on the Web].
* [http://www.ultranet.com/~crfriend/museum/  Carl Friend's Minicomputer Museum]. Personal [http://www.ultranet.com/~crfriend/museum/inven.html  collection] of mainly 16-bit minicomputers, especially Data General and Digital.
* [http://webpages.charter.net/thecomputercollection/  The Computer Collection] by Jay Jaeger. [http://webpages.charter.net/thecomputercollection/collect.htm  Virtual tour] of personal computer collection including IBM, DEC (PDP), DG, HP, microcomputers, etc.
* [http://www.teleport.com/~prp/collect/  Computer Collection] by Paul Pierce. Presents a personal collection of historical computer equipment, including mainframes and minicomputers (especially the PDP-8 family).
* [http://www.telnet.hu/hamster/decadence/e_index.html  DECadence], a collection of Digital equipment by [http://www.telnet.hu/hamster/english.html  Varga Ákos Endre], Hungary. See also [http://www.telnet.hu/hamster/pdp-11/  PDP-11] history page and the [http://www.telnet.hu/hamster/tpa/e_index.html  KFKI TPA series], Hungarian DEC clone computers.
* [http://www.homecomputer.de/  HCM: The Home Computer Museum], Germany. Includes eastern European home computers.
* [http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~miwa/  John's Computer Collection]. Mini and micro-computers.
* [http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/4462/my_computers.html  Jonathan Marsters' Computers]. Various microcomputers.
* [http://www.heydon.org/kevan/collection/  Kevan's Computer Bits...] by [http://www.heydon.org/kevan/  Kevan Heydon]. An excellent well-documented personal  collection, including [http://www.heydon.org/kevan/collection/prod_computers.html  computers, calculators, games and peripherals], mostly with photographs. See also [http://www.heydon.org/kevan/collection/other_collectors.html  other collectors]. [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]]
* [http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~miwa/  Mike's Computer Museum] by Michael Walder, UK. PCs and non-PCs. See also [http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~miwa/other.html  other computer collections].
* [http://www.comcen.com.au/~adavie/slide/calculator/soviet.html  Museum of Soviet Calculators] by Andrew Davie, Sydney, Australia.
* [http://www.obsoletecomputermuseum.org/  Obsolete Computer Museum] by Tom Carlson, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA.
* [http://www.geocities.com/oldcalculators/  The Old Calculators Web Museum] by Rick Bensene, USA. See [http://www.geocities.com/oldcalculators/calcs.html  collection] and [http://www.geocities.com/oldcalculators/links.html  other calculator sites].
* [http://www.arcula.demon.co.uk/  The Old Computer Hut] by Tony Audsley, UK. Well-presented personal collection of PDP8s, peripherals and some micro-computers. [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]]
* [http://www.damer.com/pictures/elixir/products/star.html  Personal Histories of the Desktop User Interface] by Bruce Damer, USA. Xerox Alto, Star 8010 System and Elixir Desktop.
* [http://www.proweb.co.uk/~sprog/  Sprog's Computer Closet] by Will Williams, UK. A [http://www.proweb.co.uk/~sprog/collection.htm  collection] of early home computers.
* [http://mudhole.spodnet.uk.com/~majik/sinclair/  Sinclair MicroComputer Museum] by [http://mudhole.spodnet.uk.com/~majik/  Majik].
* [http://home.interpath.net/tcopper/  Tom's Classic Computers] by Tom Copper, Roxboro, North Carolina, USA. A large collection of home computers. See [http://home.interpath.net/tcopper/clinks.htm  computer links].
* [http://www.sinasohn.com/clascomp/  Uncle Roger's Classic Computers] by [http://www.sinasohn.com/uncroger.htm  Roger Louis Sinasohn], San Francisco, California, USA. Alphabetic listing of mainly home computers.
* [http://www.punch-card.co.uk/  Webseen Ltd Computer Museum] by John Atkinson.

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== Selected newsgroups ==

* [news:alt.folklore.computers  Computer folklore] (also [http://www.deja.com/dnquery.xp?QRY=alt.folklore.computers  available via the Web] from [http://www.deja.com/  Deja.com]) [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]]
* [news:comp.sys.apple2 Apple II]
* [http://www.digital.com/  Digital] Equipment Corporation [news:*pdp*  PDP series]:
** [news:alt.sys.pdp8 PDP8]
** [news:alt.sys.pdp10 PDP10]
** [news:alt.sys.pdp11 PDP11] (see also [news:vmsnet.pdp-11 here])
* [news:alt.sys.perq  ICL PERQ]
* [news:comp.sys.sinclair  Sinclair]

See also:

* [http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/history-of-computing-uk.html  History of computing in the UK] mailing list.
* Newsgroup articles on [http://groups.google.com/groups?q=computer+history  computer history], [http://groups.google.com/groups?q=computing+history  computing history] and the [http://groups.google.com/groups?q=history+of+computing  history of computing] from [http://groups.google.com/  Google Groups].

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== Computer simulators ==

* [ftp://ftp.digital.com/pub/DEC/sim/  DEC PDP] [ftp://ftp.digital.com/pub/DEC/sim/sources/  simulator sources/documentation] and [ftp://ftp.digital.com/pub/DEC/sim/software/  software] by Bob Supnik. See [http://artematrix.org/archive/computer/restoration.simulation.htm  Preserving Computing's Past: Restoration and Simulation] by Maxwell M. Burnet and Robert M. Supnik.
* [http://www.dbit.com/  Erstz-11 PDP-11 emulator] for MS-DOS PCs. [http://www.dbit.com/demo.html  Free demo version] available for unlimited personal/hobby use. See online [telnet://demo.dbit.com/  RSX11M+] operating system demo.
* [http://www.uruk.org/~erich/emu/main.html  Emulation Software R&D WWW Page]. Information on CPU and OS (Operating System) emulators.
* [http://www.catb.org/~esr/retro/#emulators  Emulators] from [http://www.catb.org/~esr/retro/  The Retrocomputing Museum].
* [ftp://ftp.cs.man.ac.uk/pub/CCS-Archive/simulators/  Simulators of historic machines] in the [http://web.archive.org/web/20070926235337/http://vmoc.museophile.org/#CCS CCS] [ftp://ftp.cs.man.ac.uk/pub/CCS-Archive/  Archive] at Manchester, including EDSAC, Pegasus, SSEM and Stantec-ZEBRA. See [ftp://ftp.cs.man.ac.uk/pub/CCS-Archive/simulators/00readme.txt  overview].
* [http://www.nwlink.com/~tigger/altair.html  Altair and IMSAI emulators] (for PC/Windows) by [http://www.nwlink.com/~tigger/  Michael Hyman].
* [http://www.freiburg.linux.de/~uae/  Amiga Emulator]. UAE Commodore Amiga software emulation.
* [http://www.mailcom.com/besm6/emulnews.shtml  BESM-6 Emulator News]. Soviet mainframe computer.
* [http://www.ug.cs.su.oz.au/~csir1/  CSIRAC] graphical online [http://www.ug.cs.su.oz.au/~csir1/FINAL/INPUT/simulate.html  simulator] written in [http://www.javasoft.com/  Java], the [http://web.archive.org/web/20070926235337/http://vmoc.museophile.org/#CSIRAC  first stored-memory electronic computer in Australia]. [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]]
* [http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~edsac/  EDSAC Simulator] (for PC and Macintosh) by [http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~mck/  Martin Campbell-Kelly].  See also [http://thor.cam.ac.uk/group/CST1b/echo/  Group Echo] and [http://thor.cam.ac.uk/group/CST1b/india/  Group India] EDSAC Java applet simulators produced by students at [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/  Cambridge] for the [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/UoCCL/misc/EDSAC99/  50th EDSAC anniversary] in 1999.
* [http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mader/delta/downloadrsts.html  RSTS/E] operating system simulator for [http://web.archive.org/web/20070926235337/http://vmoc.museophile.org/#PDP  PDP-11s] from [http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mader/delta/  Project Delta].
* [http://www2.informatik.uni-halle.de/~thurm/z3/  Zuse's Z3 Computer] [http://www2.informatik.uni-halle.de/~thurm/z3/simulation.html  simulation] (in German, online using Java). Off-line version also available. [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]]
* Another [http://infturing.informatik.uni-halle.de/~rojas/z3/  Z3 Computer] simulation.

See also:

* [http://jfrace.sourceforge.net/  JFraCE], a Java Framework for Computer Emulation for simulating old computers.
* [http://jfrace.sourceforge.net/appletCPM.html  Z80 CP/M microcomputer] example applet.
* [http://www.dejavu.org/  Deju Vu Browser Emulators]. All your favorite old web browsers! [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]]

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== The future ==

This section includes information on the future of computing and networking.

* In the future, charging for services with become routine on the network. The [http://www.ini.cmu.edu/netbill/  NetBill Electronic Commerce Project] at Carnegie-Mellon University includes links to many experiments in the area. See also [http://birmingham.gov.uk/bank  BankNet Electronic Banking Service].
* Increasingly interactive Web pages will become available. To facilitate this, [http://java.sun.com/  Java] support has been introduced into WWW browsers like [http://home.netscape.com/  ''netscape'']. For an excellent example, see the [http://www.npac.syr.edu/projects/vishuman/VisibleHuman.html  NPAC Visible Human Viewer]. This allows user selectable image slices of a human body.
* [http://www.research.ibm.com/atomic/nano/roomtemp.html  The world's smallest abacus] uses individual molecules.
* [http://www.gigabit-ethernet.org/  Gigabit Ethernet] networking.

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== Other links ==

* [http://www.yahoo.com/Computers_and_Internet/History/  Computers and Internet: History] list including other [http://www.yahoo.com/Computers_and_Internet/History/Museums/  museums] from [http://www.yahoo.com/  Yahoo].
* [http://www.evolvingtech.com/etc/museum/  ETC Web Museum], including a [http://www.evolvingtech.com/etc/museum/qtvr.html  VR Hall].
* [http://listings.ebay.com/glistings/list/category1247/  Vintage computers] for sale from [http://www.ebay.com/  eBay].

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== References ==

This virtual museum is mentioned in the following locations:

* [http://web.archive.org/web/20070926235337/http://vmoc.museophile.org/#Annals  ''IEEE Annals of the History of Computing''], '''18'''(1):65, Spring 1996. Also '''18'''(4):67, October-December 1996.
* Reviewed by [http://point.lycos.com/categories/  Lycos] as a top 5% Web site.
* Recommended by the [http://www.discovery.com/  Discovery Channel] in ''A History of the Internet'', 1995.
* [http://www.newscientist.com/  Planet Science] Site of the Day, 21 October 1996.
* Best Site Award from  Bookmark Central, January 1998.
* [http://www.sciencenetlinks.com/curriculum/reviews/review_virtmuscomp.html  Reviewed] by [http://www.sciencenetlinks.com/  Science NetLinks], May 1998.
* 5 star site under Computing Milieux from [http://www.anbar.co.uk/  Anbar Electronic Intelligence], January 1999.
* [http://www.stumbleupon.com/url/vmoc.museophile.com/  Entry] in [http://www.stumbleupon.com/  Stumbleupon].
* [http://www.redorbit.com/technology/sites_of_the_day/?site_id=1449  Site of the Day] in [http://www.redorbit.com/  RedOrbit].

See also [http://directory.google.com/Top/Computers/History/  Computer History] and [http://directory.google.com/Top/Reference/Museums/Science/Technology/Computers/  Museums] links from the [http://directory.google.com/  Google Directory]. [[Image:star11t.gif|(Recommended)]]

<br clear="all" />

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This virtual museum service is brought to you by [[Jonathan Bowen]] as part of the [[Virtual Library museums pages]] (VLmp), supported by [http://icom.museum/ ICOM].

<div align="right"> Last updated 18 September 2015. </div>
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[[Category:VMoC| ]]
[[Category:Virtual museums]]
[[Category:VLmp]]
[[Category:1995]]